Modes

Modes apply only to the major scale, but the technique - creating a different arrangement of tones by altering the starting point in a series - can be applied to any arrangement of tones, and consequently you'll see references on the internet to modes of other scales.

Arpeggios can be thought of as a series of tones, so you can apply the same technique there as well... but common practice is to refer to these as inversions - that makes the harmonic intent of the progression clear.

Well, you really can apply modal theory to any scale. Adam Kadmon's Guitar Grimoire Scales and Modes book lists 'em all that way, too. Basically, you can start any scale on any "degree" of the scale and effectively it becomes a new scale. The chords it works with are figured out the same way as with the major scale, by taking alternate notes going up the scale.
:D